Principles of Minimally Invasive Reduction and Nail Fixation for Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures.

Subtrochanteric femur fractures have a reputation as difficult orthopaedic injuries to treat. Strong deforming forces, including the hip musculature and high physiologic forces, must be counteracted to obtain and maintain reduction. Adding to the complexity is a wide variety of fracture morphologies that must be recognized to execute an appropriate surgical plan. The challenging nature of this injury is demonstrated by nonunion rates of 4% to 5%, but some series have reports of up to 15% and malunion rates of 10% to 15%. Improved outcomes have been shown to be dependent on appropriate reduction and stable fixation, which can be achieved with less surgical insult. The treating surgeon must have a thorough understanding of the injury characteristics and reduction techniques to appropriately execute minimally invasive techniques for these difficult fractures.

Implementation of a re-linkage to care strategy in patients with chronic hepatitis C who were lost to follow-up in Latin America.

To achieve WHO's goal of eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV), innovative strategies must be designed to diagnose and treat more patients. Therefore, we aimed to describe an implementation strategy to identify patients with HCV who were lost to follow-up (LTFU) and offer them re-linkage to HCV care. We conducted an implementation study utilizing a strategy to contact patients with HCV who were not under regular follow-up in 13 countries from Latin America. Patients with HCV were identified by the international classification of diseases (ICD-9/10) or equivalent. Medical records were then reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of chronic HCV infection defined by anti-HCV+ and detectable HCV-RNA. Identified patients who were not under follow-up by a liver specialist were contacted by telephone or email, and offered a medical reevaluation. A total of 10,364 patients were classified to have HCV. After reviewing their medical charts, 1349 (13%) had undetectable HCV-RNA or were wrongly coded. Overall, 9015 (86.9%) individuals were identified with chronic HCV infection. A total of 5096 (56.5%) patients were under routine HCV care and 3919 (43.5%) had been LTFU. We were able to contact 1617 (41.3%) of the 3919 patients who were LTFU at the primary medical institution, of which 427 (26.4%) were cured at a different institutions or were dead. Of the remaining patients, 906 (76.1%) were candidates for retrieval. In our cohort, about one out of four patients with chronic HCV who were LTFU were candidates to receive treatment. This strategy has the potential to be effective, accessible and significantly impacts on the HCV care cascade.

Comparative Efficacy of a High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Hepatitis B Revaccination Schedule Among Patients With HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Active immunization for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is recommended in patients living with HIV. Limited evidence is available about the most appropriate regimen of HBV vaccination among those who have not responded to an initial schedule. Objective: To determine the efficacy of a high-dose schedule compared with a standard dose of HBV vaccination. Design, Setting, and Participants: This double-masked, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial included patients living with HIV at a single outpatient HIV and hepatology clinic in Chile for whom previous HBV vaccination had failed. Patients with hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) titers less than 10 IU/L after an initial HBV vaccination regimen were included. Consecutive patients were recruited between December 2013 and March 2018. Data were analyzed in June 2018 using intention-to-treat analysis. Intervention: The high-dose HBV vaccination group consisted of 3 doses of 40 µg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at 0, 1, and 2 months. The standard-dose group received 3 doses 20 µg each at 0, 1, and 2 months. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome was the serologic response to HBV vaccination (anti-HBs greater than 10 IU/L) 4 to 8 weeks after completion of the schedule. Secondary outcomes were anti-HBs greater than 100 IU/L and seroprotective anti-HBs at 1 year follow up. Results: A total of 107 patients underwent randomization (55 to the standard-dose group, 52 to the high-dose group); 81 (75.7%) were men, and the mean (SD) patient age was 47.0 (13.3) years. Nearly all patients were receiving antiretroviral therapy (105 patients [98%]) and 92 patients (86%) had an undetectable HIV viral load. Mean (SD) CD4 count was 418 (205) cells/mm3. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between groups. Serological response in the high-dose group was found in 36 of 50 patients (72%; 95% CI, 56.9%-82.9%) compared with 28 of 55 patients in the standard-dose group (51%; 95% CI, 37.1%-64.6%) (odds ratio, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.02-6.10; P = .03). Mean (SD) anti-HB levels were 398.0 (433.4) IU/L in the high-dose group and 158.5 (301.4) IU/L in the standard-dose group (P < .001). Of patients with a serological response in the high-dose group, 29 of 36 (80.6%) had anti-HBs titers greater than 100 IU/L compared with 14 of 28 responders (50.0%) in the standard-dose group (P = .02). At 1-year follow-up, 20 of 25 patients (80.0%) with a serological response in the high-dose group had protective anti-HBs vs 9 of 23 patients (39.1%) in the standard-dose group (P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this randomized clinical trial suggest that use of a high-dose regimen for HBV revaccination for patients with HIV achieves a higher and longer-lasting serological response as compared with a standard-dose regimen. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02003703.

Infectious and non-infectious diseases burden among Haitian immigrants in Chile: a cross-sectional study.

Chile has become a popular destination for migrants from South America and the Caribbean (low- and middle-income countries migration). Close to 200.000 Haitian migrants have arrived in Chile. Infectious and non-infectious disease burden among the Haitian adult population living in Chile is unknown. This study aimed to acquire the basic health information (selected transmissible and non-transmissible conditions) of the Haitian adult population living in Chile. A cross-sectional survey was performed, inviting Haitian-born residents in Chile older than 18 years old. Common conditions and risk factors for disease were assessed, as well as selected transmissible conditions (HIV, HBV, and HCV). 498 participants (60.4% female) from 10 communities in two regions of Chile were surveyed. Most subjects had never smoked (91.5%), and 80% drank less than one alcohol unit per month. The mean BMI was 25.6, with 45% of participants having a normal BMI (20-25). Hypertension was present in 31.5% (33% in the 25-44 age group). Prevalence of HIV was 2.4% (95 CI 1.3-4.2%), hepatitis B (HBsAg positive) was 3.4% (95 CI 2.1-5.5%), and hepatitis C was 0% (95 CI 0.0-0.9%). Quality of life showed a significant prevalence of depression and anxiety markers, particularly in those arriving in Chile less than 1 year ago. Low prevalence of obesity, diabetes, smoking, and drinking and estimated cardiovascular risk were found. Nonetheless, hypertension at a younger age, disproportionately higher prevalence of HIV and HBV infection and frequent markers of anxiety and depression were also found. Public policies for detecting and treating hypertension, HIV, and HBV screening, offering HBV vaccination, and organizing mental health programs for Haitian immigrants, are urgently needed.

Pollination effectiveness of specialist and opportunistic nectar feeders influenced by invasive alien ants in the Seychelles.

PREMISE: Opportunistic nectar-feeders may act as effective pollinators; nonetheless, we still lack information on whether these opportunistic species differ in their pollination effectiveness from specialized nectarivorous vertebrates and insects. Many nectar specialists have coevolved with the plants on which they feed; therefore, we would expect higher pollination effectiveness in specialists than in opportunistic feeders. Here, we assessed quantity and quality components of pollination effectiveness in specialist and opportunistic vertebrate nectarivores and insects, focusing on three plants from the Seychelles: Thespesia populnea, Polyscias crassa, and Syzygium wrightii. METHODS: We determined the quantity component (QNC) of pollination effectiveness with pollinator observations, and the quality component (QLC) by measuring fruit and seed set resulting from single visits by each pollinator. To detect potential negative effects of invasive ants on native plant-pollinator interactions, we classified pollinator visits (quantity component) as disturbed (>6 ants/30 min) vs. undisturbed. RESULTS: All focal plants were visited by insects, and vertebrate specialist and opportunist nectarivores, yet their pollination effectiveness differed. Flying insects were the most effective pollinators of T. populnea. The other two plants were most effectively pollinated by vertebrates; i.e., sunbirds (nectar specialists) in S. wrightii and Phelsuma geckos (nectar opportunists) in P. crassa, despite marked variation in QNC and QLC. Ant presence was associated with lower pollinator visitation rate in P. crassa and S. wrightii. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the importance of all pollinator guilds, including opportunist nectarivorous vertebrates as pollinators of island plants, and the vulnerability of such interactions to disruption by nonnative species.

Disentangling direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation on wild plants' pollinator visits and seed production.

Habitat fragmentation threatens plant and pollinator communities, as well as their interactions. However, the effects of landscape fragmentation on the pollination of wild plant species are not well understood yet, partly because there are many correlated features in fragmented landscapes (e.g., decreased patch size, increased isolation, and patch complexity) whose influences are difficult to disentangle. Using a structural equation modeling approach, we assessed the direct and indirect effects of landscape fragmentation (patch size, isolation and complexity, percentage of surrounding land in forest) on the abundance, functional-group richness, and evenness of pollinators of 24 habitat fragments within an agricultural landscape in Southern Norway. In addition, we studied how these variables affected visitation rates (visits per flower) and seed production (seed set, seed mass) in the four most abundant plant species in the area. Flower abundance was higher in larger and complex patches and decreased with the percentage of forest in the surroundings, while flower richness increased with patch complexity. We found a direct negative relationship between patch complexity and the overall number of pollinator visits that the habitat fragments received. Apart from this direct landscape effect, pollinator visits were mostly affected by the floral communities, with overall flower abundance and richness increasing both total number of pollinator visits and pollinator-group richness, and flower richness having an additional negative influence on pollinator-group evenness. Interestingly, we did not find any direct link between visitation rates and reproductive success for any of the study plant species. Instead, several landscape variables directly affected species seed production, although the effects of landscape on seed production were highly species specific. Patch complexity had a negative effect on seed production in two of the four focal species, while other components of the landscape had species-specific effects. Increasing fragmentation of agricultural landscapes affects pollination interactions at the community level and the reproduction of wild plants. However, understanding the effects of fragmentation on seed production requires going beyond estimating visitation rates, since landscape effects on plant reproduction are not always related to overall interaction frequencies.

Baveno VI and Expanded Baveno VI criteria successfully predicts the absence of high-risk gastro-oesophageal varices in a Chilean cohort.

BACKGROUND: Baveno VI and expanded Baveno VI criteria have been recommended to circumvent the need for endoscopy screening in patients with a very low probability of varices needing treatment (VNT). AIM: To validate these criteria in a Latin American population. METHODS: The ability of Baveno VI criteria (liver stiffness measurement (LSM) <20 kPa and platelet count >150 × 103/µL) and expanded Baveno VI criteria (LSM < 25kPa and platelet count >110 × 103/µL) to exclude the presence of VNT was tested in a prospectively recruited cohort of patients with Child-Pugh A liver cirrhosis and with no previous variceal haemorrhage who attended the liver clinics of three major hospitals in Chile. RESULTS: Three hundred patients were included. The median (IQR) age was 61 [18-86] years, median MELD was 8.0 (6-17), median LSM was 17.2 (10.2-77) kPa and median platelet count was 137 (23-464) × 103 /µL. The main aetiology was non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (67.3%). VNT were present in 18% of patients. The Baveno VI criteria had a sensitivity of 98.1% and a specificity of 38.2%, potentially sparing 31.3% of upper endoscopies with a very low risk of missing VNT (1.1%). The expanded Baveno VI criteria had a sensitivity of 90.7% and a specificity of 61%, potentially sparing 51.3% of upper endoscopies with a risk of missing VNT of 3.6%. Both criteria were independently associated with the absence of VNT. CONCLUSION: We validated the Baveno VI and expanded Baveno VI criteria in Chilean population, potentially sparing 31.3% and 51.3% of endoscopies, respectively, with a very low risk of missing VNT. Fondecyt 1191183.

Evidence for a double mutualistic interaction between a lizard and a Mediterranean gymnosperm, Ephedra fragilis.

An increasing number of double mutualisms (i.e. two interacting species benefiting each other in two different functions, e.g. pollination and seed dispersal) have been reported, mainly from island ecosystems, although we still lack much information on how effective such species are in both processes. Here, we assessed the pollination effectiveness of a double mutualism between an ancient Mediterranean gymnosperm, Ephedra fragilis, and a lizard, Podarcis lilfordi. On the one hand, we assessed the lizard contribution to different fitness measures (seed set and germination success), relative to that of insects and the wind effect; on the other, we determined the lizards' seed removal rate (i.e. the quantity component of seed dispersal effectiveness). In both processes, we further tested for differences in their contributions among male, female and juvenile lizards. Ephedra fragilis showed to be mostly anemophilous, lizards and insects playing only a minor role on seed set. However, lizards qualitatively contributed to pollination success, as seeds coming from lizard-pollinated cones germinated at higher rates than those pollinated by wind or insects, although this was detected only for small seeds (<8 mg). The plant produced a low seed set (c. 23 %), which was compensated by a high seed germinability (c. 70 %). Adult male lizards were those most implicated in pollination, quantitatively more important than insects, and in seed dispersal. This work, thus, reports the importance of a lizard species in one of the few double mutualisms found in the World involving a gymnosperm, and it represents the first documentation of a double mutualism in the Mediterranean region. Our findings further contribute to highlight the role of both inter- and intraspecific differences in the effectiveness of mutualistic interactions.

Disclosing the double mutualist role of birds on Galápagos.

Life on oceanic islands deviate in many ways from that on the mainland. Their biodiversity is relatively poor and some groups are well-represented, others not, especially not insects. A scarcity of insects forces birds to explore alternative food, such as nectar and fruit. In this way, island birds may pollinate and disperse seed to an extent unseen on any mainland; they may even first consume floral resources of a plant species and then later harvest the fruit of the same species. Through this biotic reuse, they may act as double mutualists. The latter have never been studied at the level of the network, because they are traditionally considered rare. We sampled pollination and seed-dispersal interactions on Galápagos and constructed a plant-bird mutualism network of 108 plant (12% being double mutualists) and 21 bird species (48% being double mutualists), and their 479 interactions, being either single (95%) or double mutualisms (5%). Double mutualists constitute the core in the pollination-dispersal network, coupling the two link types together. They may also initiate positive feedbacks (more pollination leading to more dispersal), which theoretically are known to be unstable. Thus, double mutualisms may be a necessary, but risky prerequisite to the survival of island biodiversity.

Glecaprevir-Pibrentasvir for 8 or 12 Weeks in HCV Genotype 1 or 3 Infection.

BACKGROUND: Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir are direct-acting antiviral agents with pangenotypic activity and a high barrier to resistance. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of 8-week and 12-week courses of treatment with 300 mg of glecaprevir plus 120 mg of pibrentasvir in patients without cirrhosis who had hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 or 3 infection. METHODS: We conducted two phase 3, randomized, open-label, multicenter trials. Patients with genotype 1 infection were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive once-daily glecaprevir-pibrentasvir for either 8 or 12 weeks. Patients with genotype 3 infection were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive 12 weeks of treatment with either glecaprevir-pibrentasvir or sofosbuvir-daclatasvir. Additional patients with genotype 3 infection were subsequently enrolled and nonrandomly assigned to receive 8 weeks of treatment with glecaprevir-pibrentasvir. The primary end point was the rate of sustained virologic response 12 weeks after the end of treatment. RESULTS: In total, 1208 patients were treated. The rate of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks among genotype 1-infected patients was 99.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 98 to 100) in the 8-week group and 99.7% (95% CI, 99 to 100) in the 12-week group. Genotype 3-infected patients who were treated for 12 weeks had a rate of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks of 95% (95% CI, 93 to 98; 222 of 233 patients) with glecaprevir-pibrentasvir and 97% (95% CI, 93 to 99.9; 111 of 115) with sofosbuvir-daclatasvir; 8 weeks of treatment with glecaprevir-pibrentasvir yielded a rate of 95% (95% CI, 91 to 98; 149 of 157 patients). Adverse events led to discontinuation of treatment in no more than 1% of patients in any treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily treatment with glecaprevir-pibrentasvir for either 8 weeks or 12 weeks achieved high rates of sustained virologic response among patients with HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection who did not have cirrhosis. (Funded by AbbVie; ENDURANCE-1 and ENDURANCE-3 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02604017 and NCT02640157 .).

Nuevas terapias orales de acción directa para tratamiento de virus de hepatitis C (VHC) / Direct antivirals for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection: experience in 106 patients

Background: The availability of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is just starting to expand in Chile. Aim: To report the initial experience of patients treated with DAA and their evolution after treatment. Material and Methods: Prospective cohort study, from June 2013 to August 2016 of patients treated with DAA for HCV in three clinical centers. The presence of cirrhosis, clinical and laboratory features; adverse events (AE) and post-treatment changes in liver function were evaluated. Sustained viral response at 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12) was determined. Results: One hundred six patients aged 58 ± 13 years, 54% males, were included. HCV genotype 1b was present in 88% and 47% had cirrhosis. Treatment regimens were asunaprevir + daclatasvir (DCV) in 17% of patients, paritaprevir / ritonavir / ombitasvir + dasabuvir in 33%, sofosbuvir (SOF) + DCV in 19%, and SOF + ledipasvir in 30%. Twenty five percent of patients used generic drugs. SVR12 was 92.1%, with no differences between generic and brand-name drugs. Serious AE were recorded in 22% of patients, being more common in those with cirrhosis (34% vs 11.5%, p < 0.01). At 12 weeks post-treatment follow-up, there was a decrease in aminotransferase values (p < 0.01), improvement in Child-Pugh score (5.9 vs. 5.5, p = 0.03) and decreased presence of ascites (p = 0.02). Conclusions: In our setting, DAA for HCV was highly effective and safe in non-cirrhotic patients. Hepatic function and inflammation improved at 12 weeks of follow-up. AE were common in patients with cirrhosis, suggesting that these patients should be treated by experienced teams. Generic drugs had similar effectiveness compared to originals.

Relación cd4/cd8 como marcador de morbilidad en pacientes VIH (+) / CD4/CD8 Ratio as morbility marker in HIV (+) patients

Introducción: En pacientes VIH (+) se han descrito marcadores predictores de enfermedades asociadas a etapa SIDA, sin embargo no existe claridad respecto factores asociados enfermedades no SIDA. Una relación CD4/CD8 baja se ha identificado como marcador de inmunosenescencia y aumento de morbimortalidad en la población general, sin embargo aún está en estudio su utilidad en pacientes VIH (+). Objetivo: Determinar si una relación CD4/CD8 baja se asocia a mayor morbilidad no relacionada a etapa SIDA en pacientes VIH (+). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectivo. Se seleccionaron pacientes VIH (+) que ingresaron un programa de vacunación contra VHB del Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke desde octubre de 2012. Se dividieron en grupos con relación CD4/CD8 < 0.6 y CD4/CD8 > 0.6 y se analizó la aparición de enfermedades no relacionadas a etapa SIDA en ambos grupos durante su seguimiento hasta mayo de 2016. Resultados: En la muestra de 79 pacientes, 54 (68%) tuvieron una relación CD4/CD8 < 0.6 y 25 (32%) tuvieron un CD4/CD8 > 0.6. La incidencia de enfermedades no relacionadas a etapa SIDA fue 39 (72%) pacientes en el grupo con relación CD4/CD8 baja y 13 (52%) en el grupo con relación CD4/CD8 alto (p=0.06). En 15 (19%) pacientes la relación CD4/CD8 disminuyó, esto se asoció a educación hasta enseñanza básica (p=0.01), viraje a carga viral detectable (p<0.01) y enfermedad hepática (p=0.02) Conclusión: La relación CD4/CD8 es un marcador emergente y prometedor, pero aún falta evidencia para determinar su utilidad.

Introduction: Although biomarkers predicting AIDS-associated pathology have been described, there is little clarity with respect to the markers for non AIDS-associated pathology. A low CD4/CD8 ratio has been seen to be a marker of immunesenescence and raised morbi-mortality in the general population, however its usefulness in HIV (+) patients is still being studied. Objective: To determine whether a low CD4/CD8 ratio is associated with increased AIDS-unrelated morbidity in the AIDS stage of HIV (+) patients. Materials and Methods: Observational study with retrospective cohort. HIV (+) patients were selected from patients admitted to a HBV vaccination program in Dr. Gustavo Fricke Hospital from October 2012 on. They were divided into two groups: CD4/CD8 < 0.6 and CD4/CD8 > 0.6 and followed until May 2016, analyzing the appearance of AIDS-unrelated illnesses in both groups. Results: In the 79 patient sample, 54 (68%) had CD4/CD8 ratio < 0.6 and 25 (32%) had a CD4/CD8 ratio > 0.6. The incidence of non AIDS-related illnesses in the AIDS stage was 39 (72%) in patients with a low CD4/CD8 ratio and 13 (52%) in the group with a high CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.06). Conclusion: The CD4/CD8 ratio fell in 15 (19%) of patients, this being associated with primary education only, (p=0.01), virologic rebound (p<0.01) and liver disease.

Achieving protection against HBV in HIV patients: Finding the best strategy.

HBV and HIV coinfection is common and entails important morbi-mortality. Vaccination and anti-HBs seroconvertion is a desirable goal in HIV infected patients. New strategies are necessary to predict seroconversion and clinical endpoints. More studies, in the subgroup of HIV patients with poor immunovirological status are needed.

Targeted deep sequencing improves outcome stratification in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with low risk cytogenetic features.

Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities are found in 20-30% of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), while gene mutations are present in >90% of cases. Patients with low risk cytogenetic features account for 80% of CMML cases and often fall into the low risk categories of CMML prognostic scoring systems, but the outcome differs considerably among them. We performed targeted deep sequencing of 83 myeloid-related genes in 56 CMML patients with low risk cytogenetic features or uninformative conventional cytogenetics (CC) at diagnosis, with the aim to identify the genetic characteristics of patients with a more aggressive disease. Targeted sequencing was also performed in a subset of these patients at time of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) transformation. Overall, 98% of patients harbored at least one mutation. Mutations in cell signaling genes were acquired at time of AML progression. Mutations in ASXL1, EZH2 and NRAS correlated with higher risk features and shorter overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Patients with SRSF2 mutations associated with poorer OS, while absence of TET2 mutations (TET2wt) was predictive of shorter PFS. A decrease in OS and PFS was observed as the number of adverse risk gene mutations (ASXL1, EZH2, NRAS and SRSF2) increased. On multivariate analyses, CMML-specific scoring system (CPSS) and presence of adverse risk gene mutations remained significant for OS, while CPSS and TET2wt were predictive of PFS. These results confirm that mutation analysis can add prognostic value to patients with CMML and low risk cytogenetic features or uninformative CC.

CD4/CD8 ratio as a predictor of the response to HBV vaccination in HIV-positive patients: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share transmission mechanisms and thus coinfection is frequent. Active immunization against HBV is essential in HIV patients. Reports using standard and reinforced HBV vaccination schedules vary widely in seroconversion rates depending on the characteristics of the included patients. Regional data concerning HBV vaccination in HIV patients are scarce. We aim to determine the serological response to HBV vaccination using standard schedule in HIV-positive patients and to evaluate characteristics that predict seroconversion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a single centre prospective study of HBV vaccination with standard schedule in HIV-positive patients. Adults with negative markers of HBV infection were included between November 2012 and December 2014. Anti-HBs titres were measured 4-8 weeks after completion of vaccination schedule. Clinical, laboratory values and HIV characteristics were analyzed to determine their association with seroconversion and adherence to the HBV vaccination schedule. RESULTS: The study included 245 HIV-positive patients, 68.9% were male and the mean age was 42.1 years. A total of 80.7% of the patients had undetectable HIV viral loads, 86.1% had CD4 counts >200, and 94.7% were on HAART. The response to vaccination was positive in 62% (95% CI, 56-68%) and mean anti-HBs titres of 646 IU/ml. 85.5% of the responders had anti-HBs titres >100 IU/ml. An age less than 45 years, no tobacco use and a CD4/CD8 ratio >0.4 were associated with seroconversion in multivariate analysis. The seroconversion rates were 86% in the subgroup of patients who met these criteria. A total of 97.9% of the study population completed the vaccination schedule. CONCLUSION: The CD4/CD8 ratio was the primary factor associated with positive serological conversion in the multivariate analysis. The seroconversion rates were higher in a selected group of patients who were particularly suitable for the use of the standard HBV vaccination schedule.

Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir compared to IFN-containing regimens in genotype 1 HCV patients: The MALACHITE-I/II trials.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Telaprevir plus pegylated interferon/ribavirin (TPV+PegIFN/RBV) remains a therapeutic option for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 1 infection in many regions. We conducted two open-label, phase IIIb trials comparing safety and efficacy of all-oral ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir±ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r+DSV±RBV) and TPV+PegIFN/RBV. METHODS: Treatment-naïve (MALACHITE-I) or PegIFN/RBV-experienced (MALACHITE-II) non-cirrhotic, chronic HCV GT1-infected patients were randomized to OBV/PTV/r+DSV+weight-based RBV, OBV/PTV/r+DSV (treatment-naïve, GT1b-infected patients only), or 12weeks of TPV+PegIFN+weight-based RBV and 12-36 additional weeks of PegIFN/RBV. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response 12weeks post-treatment (SVR12). Patient-reported outcome questionnaires evaluated mental and physical health during the studies. RESULTS: Three hundred eleven treatment-naïve and 148 treatment-experienced patients were randomized and dosed. Among treatment-naïve patients, SVR12 rates were 97% (67/69) and 82% (28/34), respectively, in OBV/PTV/r+DSV+RBV and TPV+PegIFN/RBV-treated GT1a-infected patients; SVR12 rates were 99% (83/84), 98% (81/83), and 78% (32/41) in OBV/PTV/r+DSV+RBV, OBV/PTV/r+DSV, and TPV+PegIFN/RBV-treated GT1b-infected patients. Among treatment-experienced patients, SVR12 rates were 99% (100/101) and 66% (31/47) with OBV/PTV/r+DSV+RBV and TPV+PegIFN/RBV. Mental and physical health were generally better with OBV/PTV/r+DSV±RBV than TPV+PegIFN/RBV. Rates of discontinuation due to adverse events (0-1% and 8-11%, respectively, p<0.05) and rates of hemoglobin decline to <10g/dl (0-4% and 34-47%, respectively, p<0.05) were lower for OBV/PTV/r+DSV±RBV than TPV+PegIFN/RBV. CONCLUSIONS: Among non-cirrhotic, HCV GT1-infected patients, SVR12 rates were 97-99% with 12week, multi-targeted OBV/PTV/r+DSV±RBV regimens and 66-82% with 24-48 total weeks of TPV+PegIFN/RBV. OBV/PTV/r+DSV±RBV was associated with a generally better mental and physical health, more favorable tolerability, and lower rates of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events.

Presence of anti-HBc is associated to high rates of HBV resolved infection and low threshold for Occult HBV Infection in HIV patients with negative HBsAg in Chile.

HBV-HIV coinfection is prevalent. Frequently, anti-HBc is the only serological marker of HBV, which can be indicative of HBV resolved infection, when found together with anti-HBs reactivity; or present as "isolated anti-HBc," related to HBV occult infection with presence of detectable DNA HBV, more prevalent in HIV-positive individuals. Regional data about this condition are scarce. Anti-HBc rapid test has been used as screening, but its performance has not been described in HIV-positive patients. The aim of this study was determine prevalence of anti-HBc in HIV-positive patients, serological pattern of HBV resolved infection and isolated anti-HBc, evaluating presence of HBV occult infection. Assess anti-HBc rapid test compared to ECLIA. Methods included measurement of anti-HBc and anti-HBs in HIV-positive patients with negative HBsAg. Serum HBV DNA quantification and HBV booster vaccination to "isolated anti-HBc" individuals. Detection of anti-HBc by rapid test and ECLIA. In 192 patients, prevalence of anti-HBc was 42.7% (82/192); associated to male gender, drug use, men-sex-men, positive-VDRL, and longer time HIV diagnosis. 34.4% (66/192) had presence of anti-HBs, mean titers of 637 ui/ml. Isolated anti-HBc in 8.3% (16/192), associated to detectable HIV viral load and no-use of HAART; in them, HBV DNA was undetectable, and 60% responded to HBV vaccination booster. Anti-HBc rapid test showed low sensibility (32.9%) compared to ECLIA. These results show that prevalence of anti-HBc in HIV-positive individuals is high, in most cases accompanied with anti-HBs as HBV resolved infection. Low prevalence of "isolated anti-HBc," with undetectable HBV DNA, and most had anamnestic response to HBV vaccination; suggest low possibility of occult HBV infection. Anti-HBc rapid test cannot be recommended as screening method for anti-HBc.

Genotype F of hepatitis B: response to interferon.

BACKGROUND: The relevance of HBV genotype diversity on interferon (IFN) therapy outcome in chronic hepatitis B patients has recently been highlighted. Data available for genotype F is poor. The aim of this work was to analyse the response of HBV genotype F to treatment with IFN. Additionally, response was analysed according to the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near to the IL28B gene. METHODS: A total of 29 HBeAg-positive patients with chronic infection were included with a median age 47 (18-68) years. Of them, 27 were male. One patient was treated with standard IFN-α for 16 weeks, 6 patients received PEG-IFN-α2a 180 µg weekly for 24 weeks and 22 patients for 48 weeks. Response to treatment was defined as loss of HBeAg, anti-HBe seroconversion and decline of HBV DNA level to below 3 log of baseline (IU/ml) at the 6-month of follow-up. The SNPs rs12979860, rs12980275 and rs8099917 were studied by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The overall response was obtained in 18 (62%) patients, including one patient who was treated with standard IFN. Additionally, a total of 9 (31%) patients cleared HBsAg, with appearance of anti-HBs. The viral load was undetectable in all of these patients. The same IL28B variants associated with IFN response in HCV infections were also more frequently found in HBV patients compared with non-responders. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that treatment with IFN is effective in patients with HBV genotype F.

Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an evidence-based clinical practice review.

AIM: To build a consensus among Chilean specialists on the appropriate management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in clinical practice. METHODS: NAFLD has now reached epidemic proportions worldwide. The optimal treatment for NAFLD has not been established due to a lack of evidence-based recommendations. An expert panel of members of the Chilean Gastroenterological Society and the Chilean Hepatology Association conducted a structured analysis of the current literature on NAFLD therapy. The quality of the evidence and the level of recommendations supporting each statement were assessed according to the recommendations of the United States Preventive Services Task Force. A modified three-round Delphi technique was used to reach a consensus among the experts. RESULTS: A group of thirteen experts was established. The survey included 17 open-ended questions that were distributed among the experts, who assessed the articles associated with each question. The levels of agreement achieved by the panel were 93.8% in the first round and 100% in the second and third rounds. The final recommendations support the indication of lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, for all patients with NAFLD. Proven pharmacological therapies include only vitamin E and pioglitazone, which can be used in nondiabetic patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (the progressive form of NAFLD), although the long-term safety and efficacy of these therapies have not yet been established. CONCLUSION: Current NAFLD management is rapidly evolving, and new pathophysiology-based therapies are expected to be introduced in the near future. All NAFLD patients should be evaluated using a three-focused approach that considers the risks of liver disease, diabetes and cardiovascular events.